Line narrowing module

ABSTRACT

An apparatus is disclosed which may comprise a grating receiving light, a first prism moveable to coarsely select an angle of incidence of the light on the grating, and a second prism moveable to finely select an angle of incidence of the light on the grating. In one application, the apparatus may be used as a line narrowing module for a laser light source.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/074,079, filed on Feb. 28, 2008, entitled “LINE NARROWING MODULE”,Attorney Docket No. 2004-0056-07, which is a divisional of U.S.application Ser. No. 11/000,684, filed on Nov. 30, 2004, entitled “LINENARROWING MODULE”, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,366,219, issued on Apr. 29, 2008.

The present application is related to U.S. application Ser. No.11/000,571, filed on Nov. 30, 2004, and published on Jan. 1, 2006, asPub. No. 2006-0114956A1, entitled HIGH POWER HIGH PULSE REPETITION RATEGAS DISCHARGE LASER SYSTEM BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT, assigned to the commonassignee of the present application, the disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference. The present application is also related toU.S. Pat. No. 5,095,492 issued to Sandstrom on Mar. 10, 1992, entitledSPECTRAL NARROWING TECHNIQUE, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,852,627, issued toErshov on Dec. 22, 1998, entitled, LASER WITH LINE NARROWING OUTPUTCOUPLER, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,898,72, issued to Fomenkov, et al. on Apr.27, 1999, entitled, Excimer laser with greater spectral bandwidth andbeam stability, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,978,409, issued to Das, et al. onNov. 2, 1999, entitled LINE NARROWING APPARATUS WITH HIGH TRANSPARENCYPRISM BEAM EXPANDER, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,028,879, issued to Ershov onFeb. 22, 2000, entitled, NARROW BAND LASER WITH ETALON BASED OUTPUTCOUPLER, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,094,448, issued to Fomenkov, et al. on Jul.25, 2000, entitled, GRATING ASSEMBLY WITH BI-DIRECTIONAL BANDWIDTHCONTROL, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,163,559 issued to Watson on Dec. 19, 2000,entitled, BEAM EXPANDER FOR ULTRAVIOLET LASERS, and U.S. Pat. No.6,192,064, issued to Algots, et al. on Feb. 20, 2001, entitled, NARROWBAND LASER WITH FINE WAVELENGTH CONTROL, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,212,217,issued to Erie, et al. on Apr. 3, 2001, entitled, SMART LASER WITHAUTOMATED BEAM QUALITY CONTROL, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,493,374, issued toFomenkov, et al. on Dec. 10, 2002, entitled SMART LASER WITH FASTDEFORMABLE GRATING, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,496,528 issued to Titus, et al.on Dec. 17, 2002, entitled, LINE NARROWING UNIT WITH FLEXURAL GRATINGMOUNT, U.S. Pat. No. 6,529,531, issued to Everage, et al. on Mar. 4,2003, entitled, FAST WAVELENGTH CORRECTION TECHNIQUE FOR A LASER, andU.S. Pat. No. 6,532,247, issued to Spangler, et al. on Mar. 11, 2003,entitled LASER WAVELENGTH CONTROL UNIT WITH PIEZOELECTRIC DRIVER, andU.S. Pat. No. RE38,054, issued to Hofmann, et al. on Apr. 1, 2003,entitled, RELIABLE, MODULAR, PRODUCTION QUALITY NARROW-BAND HIGH REPRATE F2 LASER, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,650,666, issued to Spangler, et al.on Nov. 18, 2003, entitled LASER WAVELENGTH CONTROL UNIT WITHPIEZOELECTRIC DRIVER, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,671,294, issued to Kroyan, etal. on Dec. 30, 2003, entitled, LASER SPECTRAL ENGINEERING FORLITHOGRAPHIC PROCESS, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,721,340, issued to Fomenkov,et al. on Apr. 13, 2004, entitled BANDWIDTH CONTROL TECHNIQUE FOR ALASER, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,738,410, issued to Partlo, et al. on May 18,2004, entitled, LINE NARROWED LASER WITH BIDIRECTION BEAM EXPANSION,each of which is assigned to the common assignee of the presentapplication and the disclosures of each of which are hereby incorporatedby reference. The present application is also related to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/036,925, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,853,653, issued toSpangler, et al., Feb. 8, 2005, entitled LASER SPECTRAL ENGINEERING FORLITHOGRAPHIC PROCESS, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/956,784,now U.S. Pat. No. 7,088,758, issued on Aug. 8, 2006, to Sandstrom, etal., entitled RELAX GAS DISCHARGE LASER LITHOGRAPHY LIGHT SOURCE,assigned to the common assignee of the present application and thedisclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a line narrowing module for a DUV highpower high pulse repetition rate gas discharge laser system producing anoutput laser light pulse beam of pulses in bursts of pulses for use as alight source for manufacturing equipment treating the surface of aworkpiece, e.g., a wafer in a semiconductor integrated circuitlithography tool to expose photoresist on the wafer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is known in the art to employ within a laser resonance cavity, e.g.,defined as a laser chamber between a partially reflective output couplerand a fully reflective mirror forming the cavity, e.g., in a singlechamber laser oscillator or an oscillator portion of a two chamberedlaser system having a oscillator portion feeding a seed beam into anamplifying portion, e.g., a power amplifier in a master oscillator poweramplifier (“MOPA”) configuration, a line narrowing module. The linenarrowing module is positioned and adapted to select a desired centerwavelength around a narrow band of wavelengths, with the bandwidth ofthe narrow band also being carefully selected ordinarily to be of asnarrow a bandwidth as possible, e.g., for lithography uses wherechromatic aberrations in the lenses of a scanning lithographyphoto-resist exposure apparatus can be critical, but also to, e.g., bewithin some range of bandwidths, i.e., neither to large not too small,also, e.g., for photo-lithography reasons, e.g., for optimizing andenabling modern optical proximity correction techniques commonly used inpreparing masks (reticles). For such reasons control of bandwidth inmore than just a “not-to-exceed” mode is required, i.e., control isrequired within a narrow range of “not-to-exceed” and “not-to-go-below”specified values of bandwidth, and including with these requirementsstability pulse to pulse.

It is also well known that such line narrowing modules may employ avariety of center wavelength selection optical elements, usually of thedispersive variety, which can reflect back into the optical path of,e.g., the laser oscillating resonance chamber light of the selectedcenter wavelength and of a narrowed bandwidth, depending on a number ofphysical parameters of the line narrowing module and optical parametersand performance capabilities of the wavelength selective opticalelement, e.g., a dispersive optical element used.

In one commonly used line narrowing module of the type just described areflective grating, e.g., an eschelle grating having a selected blazeangle and mounted in a Littrow configuration in the line narrowingmodule may be tuned to reflect back into the optical path of the laseroscillating resonance cavity light of a particular center wavelength, inpart determined by the angle of incidence of the light in a laser lightpulse beam pulse in the line narrowing module upon the dispersiveoptical element, e.g., the grating. Applicants' assignee's above notedpatents show examples of such line narrowing modules.

It is also known in the art, as also exemplified in the above notedpatents of applicants' assignee that one manner of controlling the angleof incidence of the laser light pulse beam upon the grating may be toemploy a maximally reflective mirror for the desired center wavelength,e.g., 193 nm (KrF excimer lasers) or 248 nm (ArF excimer lasers),so-called by applicants' assignee and R_(MAX) to reflect the laser lightpulse beam passing through the line narrowing module upon the dispersiveoptical surface, e.g., the face of the grating.

Similarly, also as exemplified by the above referenced applicants'assignee's patents, it is well known that the laser light pulse beam maybe expanded in the line narrowing module before being incident on witherthe R_(MAX), or equivalent, and the grating, or equivalent, for severalreasons. Beam expansion may be employed for reasons of protecting theoptical elements, including down stream expansion optics, the R_(MAX)and/or the grating from high levels of fluence energy, even morecritical as wavelength decreases below about 300 nm, e.g., at 248 nm andmore critically at 193 nm, and more so still at 157 nm (molecularfluorine excimer lasers). Beam Expansion may also be employed to magnifythe beam and thereby reduce the impact of beam dispersion characteristicin, e.g., fluorine gas discharge excimer/molecular fluorine lasers andimprove the center wavelength selection of the grating and thus also thenarrowing of the bandwidth, so-called line narrowing the laser output.

It is also well known in the art that, e.g., it may be desirable torapidly control the selection of the angle of incidence of the laserlight pulse beam on the grating, e.g., to control center wavelengthbased on feedback control on a pulse-to-pulse basis and/or to engineeran integrated spectrum comprising the net effect of the wavelengthspectra for pulses in the output laser light pulse beam output by thelaser system for purposes of controlling such things as a broadeneddepth of focus in, e.g., a lithography scanning apparatus. Existingangle of incidence selection mechanisms for such tuning, e.g., theR_(MAX) and equivalents have some limits in this area, e.g., due tomechanical resonances and the bulk of the R_(MAX) required to be movedat very rapid periodic rates, e.g., 2-4 kHz and above, and thelimitations of moving such optical elements with different (thoughrelated) rotating mechanisms for both coarse and fine adjustment of theangle of incidence during operation of the line narrowing module.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,760,358, issued to Zimmerman, et al. on Jul. 6, 2004,entitled LINE-NARROWING OPTICS MODULE HAVING IMPROVED MECHANICALPERFORMANCE, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated byreference, discloses:

-   -   An apparatus for adjusting an orientation of an optical        component mounted within a laser resonator with suppressed        hysteresis includes an electromechanical device, a drive        element, and a mechano-optical device coupled to the mounted        optical component. The drive element is configured to contact        and apply a force to the mechano-optical device in such a way as        to adjust the orientation of the mechano-optical device, and        thereby that of the optical component, to a known orientation        within the laser resonator. The optical component is mounted        such that stresses applied by the mount to the optical component        are homogeneous and substantially thermally-independent.

It is known to move the dispersive optical element, e.g., a grating oran etalon for center wavelength control, as evidenced by U.S. PatentNos. or to move a beam expansion optical element with a fixed grating,in lieu of, e.g., using a rotatably positionable mirror, such as theR_(MAX) or equivalents.

A need in the art exists, however, for a more effective line narrowingmodule which can, e.g., maintain or improve the center wavelengthselection and control, e.g., wavelength stability pulse-to-pulse, using,e.g., a grating center wavelength selection element and means, includingor in lieu of the R_(MAX) for relatively simultaneous coarse and finecontrol of the angle of incidence of the laser light pulse beam pulseson the dispersive optical element, e.g., the grating. Applicants,according to aspects of embodiments of the present invention, haveprovided such improvements and modifications.

Diffraction grating have been known to fail, e.g., in ArF excimer laserLNM's. Applicants suspect that this failure is due at least in part tophoto ionization of the aluminum underlayer on the grating, andsubsequent oxidation reaction with O₂. It is also clear that oxygendiffuses through defects and potentially the bulk MgF2 coating on thegrating face, which may in some cases be alleviated with a coating(s) onthe grating face. In investigating how to extend, e.g., ArF gratinglifetimes, applicants have noted that, in general, grating lifetime isstrongly influenced by oxygen levels in the LNM. The lower the oxygencontent in ppm, the better. In addition, the ArF grating failure modeappears faster than the KrF grating failure mode, which applicantssuspect is due to the fact that at around 193 nm an ArF photon is ableto ionize the imbedded Al layer, thereby actually activating it foroxygen attack. While applicants are not sure of this fact, it appearsthat at around the 248 nm KrF photon is not energetic enough to activatethe Al and help it corrode in the presence of oxygen. Gratingdegradation is still oxygen content related, but in the case of KrFphotons appears to be limited to oxygen transport through the MgF₂ layer(or reaction with imbedded oxygen).

Applicants propose a solution to grating lifetime degradation due tooxygen content in the LNM and also more specifically to accelerateddegradation under the influence of higher energy photons.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A line narrowing method and module for a narrow band DUV high power highrepetition rate gas discharge laser producing output laser light pulsebeam pulses in bursts of pulses, the module having a nominal opticalpath are disclosed which may comprise: a dispersive center wavelengthselection optic moveably mounted within an optical path of the linenarrowing module, selecting at least one center wavelength for eachpulse determined at least in part by the angle of incidence of the laserlight pulse beam containing the respective pulse on the dispersivewavelength selection optic; a first tuning mechanism operative in partto select the angle of incidence of the laser light pulse beamcontaining the respective pulse upon the dispersive center wavelengthselection optic, by selecting an angle of transmission of the laserlight pulse beam containing the pulse toward the dispersive centerwavelength selection optic; a second tuning mechanism operative in partto select the angle of incidence of the laser light pulse beamcontaining the respective pulse by changing the position of thedispersive center wavelength selection optic relative to the nominaloptical path of the line narrowing module; wherein the second tuningmechanism coarsely selects a value for the center wavelength and thefirst tuning mechanism more finely selects the value for the centerwavelength. The apparatus and method may further comprise at least onebeam expanding and redirecting prism in the optical path of the linenarrowing module; the first tuning mechanism selecting an angle ofincidence of the at least a first spatially defined portion of the laserlight pulse beam by changing the position of the at least one beamexpanding prism relative to the nominal optical path of the linenarrowing module. The first and second tuning mechanisms may becontrolled by a center wavelength controller during a burst based uponfeedback from a center wavelength detector detecting the centerwavelength of at least one other pulse in the burst of pulses and thecontroller providing the feedback based upon an algorithm employing thedetected center wavelength for the at least one other pulse in theburst. The first tuning mechanism may comprise an electro-mechanicalcourse positioning mechanism and a fine positioning mechanism comprisingan actuatable material that changes position or shape when actuated. Theactuatable material may be selected from a group consisting ofelectro-actuatable, magneto-actuatable and acousto-actuatable materials,and may comprise a piezoelectric material. The line narrowing module fora narrow band DUV high power high repetition rate gas discharge laserproducing output laser light pulse beam pulses in bursts of pulses, themodule having a nominal optical path may comprise: a dispersive centerwavelength selection optic fixedly mounted along an optical path of theline narrowing module, selecting at least one center wavelength for eachpulse determined at least in part by the angle of incidence of the laserlight pulse beam containing the respective pulse on a dispersivewavelength selection optic; a first tuning mechanism operative in partto select an angle of incidence of the laser light pulse beam containingthe respective pulse upon the dispersive center wavelength selectionoptic, by selecting an angle of transmission of the laser light pulsebeam containing the pulse toward the dispersive center wavelengthselection optic; a second tuning mechanism operative in part to selectat least one angle of incidence of the laser light pulse beam containingthe respective pulse by changing the angle of transmission of at least aspatially defined portion of the laser light pulse beam containing thepulse toward the first tuning mechanism; wherein the first tuningmechanism coarsely selects a value for the center wavelength and thesecond tuning mechanism more finely selects the value for the centerwavelength. The first and second tuning mechanisms may compriseindependently selectively refracting optical elements; the first andsecond tuning mechanisms selecting an angle of incidence of the laserlight pulse beam on the dispersive optical element by changing therespective position of the first beam expanding mechanism and the secondbeam expanding mechanism relative to the nominal optical path of theline narrowing module. The first and second tuning mechanisms may becontrolled by a center wavelength controller during a burst based uponfeedback from a center wavelength detector detecting the centerwavelength of at least one other pulse in the burst of pulses and thecontroller providing the feedback based upon an algorithm employing thedetected center wavelength for the at least one other pulse in theburst. The first and second tuning mechanisms may each comprise anelectro-mechanical course positioning mechanism and a fine positioningmechanism comprising an actuatable material that changes position orshape when actuated and may be selected from a group consisting ofelectro-actuatable, magneto-actuatable and acousto-actuatable materialsand specifically may be a piezoelectric material. The first and secondtuning mechanisms each comprise a beam expanding prism. The first tuningmechanism may comprise a first angle of transmission selection mechanismcomprises of an electro-mechanical positioning mechanism without a finetuning positioning mechanism; and the second tuning mechanism maycomprise a second angle of transmission selection mechanism comprises anactuated material positioning mechanism without a course tuningpositioning mechanism. The actuatable material positioning mechanism maycomprise an actuatable material that changes position or shape whenactuated, which may be selected from a group consisting ofelectro-actuatable, magneto-actuatable and acousto-actuatable materialsand may be a piezoelectric material. The line narrowing module for anarrow band DUV high power high repetition rate gas discharge laserproducing output laser light pulse beam pulses in bursts of pulses, themodule having a nominal optical path may comprise: a dispersive centerwavelength selection optic mounted within an optical path of the linenarrowing module, selecting at least one center wavelength for eachpulse determined at least in part by the angle of incidence of the laserlight pulse beam containing the respective pulse on a dispersive opticalface of the dispersive wavelength selection optic; a fast tuningmechanism operative to select an angle of incidence of the laser lightpulse beam containing the respective pulse upon the dispersive centerwavelength selection optic, by selecting an angle of transmission of thelaser light pulse beam containing the pulse toward the dispersive centerwavelength selection optic; the fast tuning mechanism comprising asingle both transmissive and reflective optical element. Thetransmissive and reflective optic may comprise a beam expanding prismwith at least one face coated with a totally reflective coatingreflecting the beam back into the prism to another face where totalinternal reflection occurs reflecting the beam to a surface of exit fromthe prism. The fast tuning mechanism may be controlled by a centerwavelength controller during a burst based upon feedback from a centerwavelength detector detecting the center wavelength of at least oneother pulse in the burst of pulses and the controller providing thefeedback based upon an algorithm employing the detected centerwavelength for the at least one other pulse in the burst. The fasttuning mechanism may comprise an electro-mechanical course positioningmechanism and a fine positioning mechanism comprising an actuatablematerial that changes position or shape when actuated, which may beselected from a group consisting of electro-actuatable devices,magneto-actuated devices and acousto-actuatable devices and may comprisea piezoelectric material. The line narrowing module for a narrow bandDUV high power high repetition rate gas discharge laser producing outputlaser light pulse beam pulses in bursts of pulses, the module having anominal optical path may comprise: a dispersive center wavelengthselection optic moveably mounted within an optical path of the linenarrowing module, selecting at least one center wavelength for eachpulse determined at least in part by the angle of incidence of the laserlight pulse beam containing the respective pulse on the dispersivewavelength selection optic along a first elongated longitudinallyextending dispersive surface of the dispersive center wavelengthselection optic, extending in a first direction; a translation mechanismtranslating the grating in a second direction generally orthogonal tothe first direction sufficiently to expose a second unused elongatedlongitudinally extending dispersive surface of the dispersive centerwavelength selection optic to the laser light pulse beam. The dispersivecenter wavelength selection optic may comprise a grating, e.g., aneschelle grating. The translation mechanism translates the dispersivecenter wavelength selection optic to expose the second unused elongatedlongitudinally extending dispersive surface of the dispersive centerwavelength selection optic at the end of life of the first elongatedlongitudinally extending dispersive surface of the dispersive centerwavelength selection optic. The line narrowing module for a narrow bandDUV high power high repetition rate gas discharge laser producing outputlaser light pulse beam pulses in bursts of pulses, the module having anominal optical path may comprise: a dispersive center wavelengthselection optic moveably mounted within an optical path of the linenarrowing module, selecting at least one center wavelength for eachpulse determined at least in part by the angle of incidence of the laserlight pulse beam containing the respective pulse on the dispersivewavelength selection optic; a first tuning mechanism operative in partto select an angle of incidence of at least a first spatially definedportion of the laser light pulse beam containing the respective pulseupon the dispersive center wavelength selection optic, by selecting anangle of transmission of the at least a first spatially defined portionof the laser light pulse beam containing the pulse toward a secondtuning mechanism; the second tuning mechanism being operative in part toselect the angle of incidence of the at least a first spatially definedportion of the laser light pulse beam containing the respective pulse bychanging an angle of reflection of the at least a first spatiallydefined portion of the laser light pulse onto the dispersive centerwavelength selection optic; wherein the first tuning mechanism coarselyselects a value for the center wavelength and the second tuningmechanism more finely selects the value for the center wavelength. Thefirst and second tuning mechanisms may be controlled by a centerwavelength controller during a burst based upon feedback from a centerwavelength detector detecting the center wavelength of at least oneother pulse in the burst of pulses and the controller providing thefeedback based upon an algorithm employing the detected centerwavelength for the at least one other pulse in the burst. The first andsecond tuning mechanisms each may comprise an electro-mechanical coursepositioning mechanism and a fine positioning mechanism comprising anactuatable material that changes position or shape when actuated,elected from a group consisting of electro-actuatable,magneto-actuatable and acousto-actuatable materials, e.g., apiezoelectric material. The first tuning mechanism may comprise a beamexpanding prism. The second tuning mechanism may comprise a fast tuningmirror. The line narrowing module for a narrow band DUV high power highrepetition rate gas discharge laser producing output laser light pulsebeam pulses in bursts of pulses, the module having a nominal opticalpath may comprise: a dispersive center wavelength selection opticmoveably mounted within an optical path of the line narrowing module,selecting at least one center wavelength for each pulse determined atleast in part by the angle of incidence of the laser light pulse beamcontaining the respective pulse on the dispersive wavelength selectionoptic; a first tuning mechanism operative in part to select a firstangle of incidence of a first spatially defined portion of the laserlight pulse beam containing the respective pulse upon the dispersivecenter wavelength selection optic, and a second tuning mechanismoperative to select a second angle of incidence of a second spatiallydefined portion of the laser light pulse, respectively by selecting afirst and a second angle of transmission of the respective spatiallydefined portions of the laser light pulse beam containing the pulserelative to a nominal optical path through the line narrowing moduletoward the dispersive center wavelength selection optic; the tuningmechanism selecting the center wavelength for each of the first andsecond spatially defined portions of the pulse in the laser light pulsebeam to have overlapping spectra, forming a combined spectrum, thedegree of overlapping selected to achieve a desired ratio between afirst measure of the bandwidth of the combined spectrum and a secondmeasure of the bandwidth of the combined spectrum. The first tuningmechanism may comprise a variably refractive optical element insertedinto the nominal optical path by a selected amount defining the firstangle of incidence for the first spatially defined portion of the laserlight pulse beam and the second tuning mechanism selecting the secondangle of incidence by not modifying the angle of transmission of thesecond spatially defined portion of the laser light pulse beam pulse.The first tuning mechanism may comprise an optical element having asurface of incidence or transmission defining a plurality of refractivetransmission angles relative to the nominal optical path for a laserlight pulse beam incident on the optical element at one of a pluralityof selected positions along a longitudinal axis of the optical elementparallel to a direction of insertion of the optical element into thenominal optical path. The first and second tuning mechanisms may eachcomprise an optical element having a surface of incidence ortransmission defining a plurality of refractive transmission anglesrelative to the nominal optical path for a laser light pulse beamincident on the optical element at one of a plurality of selectedpositions along a longitudinal axis of the optical element parallel to adirection of insertion of the optical element into the nominal opticalpath. The first tuning mechanism may comprise the surface of incidenceor transmission which may comprise a plurality of adjacent wedges eachdefining a respective refractive angle of transmission of the laserlight pulse beam through a respective one of the plurality of adjacentwedges. The curved surface may comprise a cylindrical surface. A methodof removing undesirable material contained in gaseous form or compoundsof which are contained in gaseous form in a fluorine gas DUV laserapparatus optical path is disclosed which may comprise the steps of :including a material exposed to stray DUV light in the optical path ofthe laser which is subject to ionization under the influence of eitherDUV light or heat or both and which is capable of gettering theundesired material from the gaseous form of the material or itscompound.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a top plan view of a prior art line narrowing module;

FIG. 2 shows a partially schematic top plan view of a line narrowingmodule according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 shows a schematic top plan view of a line narrowing moduleaccording to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 shows a schematic top plan view of a line narrowing moduleaccording to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 shows a schematic top plan view of a line narrowing moduleaccording to aspect of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 shows a partially schematic top plan view of a rotationalactuator according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 shows a partially schematic perspective front view of a gratingrotating mechanism according to aspects of an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 8 shows a perspective side view of the grating rotating mechanismaccording to FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 shows a more detailed perspective bottom rear view of the gratingrotating mechanism according to FIG. 7;

FIGS. 10A-C show, respectively, a plan top, side and bottom view of agrating base plate according to aspects of an embodiment of the presentinvention's grating rotating mechanism according to FIG. 7;

FIGS. 11A and 11B show, respectively a plan top and side view of agrating mounting plate according to aspects of an embodiment of thepresent invention's grating rotating mechanism according to FIG. 7;

FIG. 12 shows a map of displacement magnitudes of the mounting plate ofFIGS. 11A and B;

FIG. 13 shows the light output of a gas discharge laser systemoscillator cavity as a function of time;

FIG. 14 shows in more detail a flexure mounting according to aspects ofan embodiment on the present invention contained on the mounting plateaccording to FIG. 11;

FIG. 15 shows schematically a perspective top view of a prism mountingplate according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 16 shows schematically a perspective view of a prism mounting plateaccording to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 17 shows a top plan view partially schematically of aspects of anembodiment of the present invention including an oxygen getteringapparatus; and,

FIG. 18 shows a chart of the effectiveness of gettering materials versustemperature.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Turning now to FIG. 1 there is shown a top plan view of a prior art linenarrowing module 28, according to aspects of the operation of the priorart line narrowing module of FIG. 1 the positioning of a dispersivecenter wavelength selection optical element, e.g., a grating 22 and itsconstruction, e.g., its blaze angle, length, groove pitch, and angle ofincidence of the laser light pulse beam on the grating (defining, e.g.,a nominal optical path to and from the grating 22 within the opticalpath through the line narrowing module 28—into and out of the linenarrowing module 28) etc., define an order of dispersion that will bereflected back along the nominal optical path at what angle and at whatwavelength, e.g., 79° at 193.3 nm desired center wavelength. The grating22 and its construction in and of themselves can be tuned, e.g., usingthe blaze angle, to maximize the efficiency of the line narrowing module28, e.g., by selecting an order that contains the largest portion of theintensity of the light at the given nominal wavelength, e.g., 193.4 nm,thus limiting the optical losses in selecting the desired centerwavelength and to a degree within some limited range of selected centerwavelengths about this nominal desired selected center wavelength.

Within that order the grating reflects back along the optical path ofthe line narrowing module 28 a rainbow of light that is at wavelengthson either side of the nominal desired selected center wavelength,depending on, among other things, the angle of incidence upon thegrating 22. The angle of incidence upon the grating 22 can be defined inturn by using a stationary grating 22 and a tuning mechanism 26 thatreflects or refracts light onto the grating 22 at a selected angle ofincidence, e.g., from within a relatively broad band of wavelengths,e.g., around 300 nm around some center wavelength, e.g., about 193.3 nmfor an ArF excimer output laser light pulse beam. According to aspectsof an embodiment of the present invention, this may also be done by,e.g., moving both the grating 22 and the tuning mechanism 26 tocollectively define a final angle of incidence on the grating 22 (and,e.g., the corresponding angle of reflectance back from the grating 22)along the optical path of the line narrowing module 28.

In addition to the fine and coarse tuning of the center wavelength notedabove, according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention,the coarse tuning may be done by changing the position of one of aplurality of optical elements within the optical path of the linenarrowing module 28 having a first relatively large impact on the finalangle of incidence on a stationary grating 22 and also changing theposition of a second one of a plurality of optical elements within theoptical path of the line narrowing module 28 having a second relativelysmaller impact on the final angle of incidence on the stationary grating22. In this fashion, the one of the plurality of optical elements may beused for coarse center wavelength selection mechanism and the second ofthe optical elements may be used essentially simultaneously as the finetuning for the finally selected center wavelength.

In other words, the first optical element may select the final angle ofincidence on the grating within a band of, e.g., several nm and theother of the optical elements can serve to more finely tune around theselected center wavelength of that band, e.g., on the order of severalpm. The first optic may be a beam expanding prism, e.g., within aplurality of beam expanding prisms that has a relatively highmagnification, e.g., the next to last or last prisms (86, 84) in, e.g.,a three or four prism beam expander prism assembly 64, as shown in FIG.1, and the second optical element bay be, e.g., the first or second beamexpanding prism (82, 84) in, e.g., a three or four prism beam expanderprism assembly 64, as shown in FIG. 1. It will also be understood thathe beam expander prism assembly 64 may be as illustrated partlyschematically in the view of FIG. 2 to include more than three prisms,e.g., four prisms, with the first two being prisms 82, 84 respectivelyand the last two being 86, 88, respectively.

According to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention, usingone of the beam expanding prisms (82-88) to function as the turningmirror 102 of the tuning mechanism 26, as shown in FIG. 1, also can haveseveral beneficial effects on the line narrowing module 28 and overalllaser system functionality. According to one aspect of an embodiment ofthe present invention, this elimination of the so called R_(MAX) tuningmirror 27 as is currently in use in applicants' assignee's lasersystems, e.g., 7XXX and XLA-XXX single chamber and dual chambered lasersystems, can create a more compact line narrowing module 28, also with anumber of advantages both in performance and ability to, e.g., utilize alarger grating 22 within a LNM housing 62 (FIG. 2) that is not verysignificantly larger than existing LNM housing 62 (FIG. 1) and has amuch smaller footprint than with an R_(MAX) assembly 26 also included(unless it is chosen to employ an elongated grating assembly 66, as inFIG. 2. The housing 62 can be smaller, at least on one dimension, foreither the case of using the larger grating 66 or the shorter one 22,thus, e.g., saving weight. In the configuration of, e.g., FIG. 2,according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention in whichthe R_(MAX) assembly 26 is eliminated, there is also realized areduction in the optical losses and wavefront aberrations associatedwith the use of an R_(MAX) 27, e.g., from wavefront distortions on theR_(MAX) mirror 27 itself and the added beam divergence and reducedoutput power associated with the increase in cavity length incurred inusing the R_(MAX) 27 to tune center wavelength by selecting the angle ofincidence upon the dispersive wavelength selection optic, e.g., theeschelle grating 22. According to aspects of an embodiment of thepresent invention improvements in the efficiency and bandwidth controlof the line narrowing module 28 are realized. According to aspects of anembodiment of the present invention wherein a larger grating 22 is used,with or without an R_(MAX) tuning mirror 27 improvements in efficiencyand bandwidth control are still achieved.

Existing R_(MAX) tuning mechanisms 26 can be moved or dithered to changethe angle of incidence of the laser light pulse beam pulses onto thewavelength selection element, e.g., the eschelle grating 22, on apulse-to-pulse basis. Such dithering, with existing LNM tuning mechanismmirror assemblies 26 is accomplished in a coarse fashion by anelectro-mechanical system, e.g., a stepper motor (not shown), which mayoperate to achieve wavelength selection tuning, e.g., by moving thetuning mirror 27 and/or an assembly 26 of which the tuning mirror is apart, e.g., through a lever arm that accentuates the size of the stepstaken by the stepper motor (not shown), for coarse adjustment of theincidence angle and a more rapid and finely tuned adjustment of theincidence angle may be accomplished as in existing R_(MAX) tuningmechanism 27 in applicants' assignee's laser systems, with an actuatablematerial that changes, e.g., shape or size when stimulated, e.g., withan electric field, acoustic energy or a magnetic field, e.g., one ormore piezoelectric transducers.

However, existing R_(MAX) tuning mechanisms 27 have certainshortcomings. Placed between the beam expanding prism assembly 64 andthe grating 22, such R_(MAX) mirrors 27 and associated assemblies 26,are relatively large in size, due to the magnification of the beam fordivergence reduction purposes and also for purposes of utilizing as longa length of the grating 22 in the longitudinal axis of the grating 22 asis possible for better efficiency of bandwidth selection by the grating22. At the ever increasing pulse repetition rates of the systems inquestion, e.g., 4 kHz and above currently and 6 kHz and above in thenear future, the large physical mass of the R_(MAX) 27 and itsassociated mounting and rotating assembly 26, being dithered by theelectro-mechanical stepper motor/piezoelectric element(s), can havecertain mechanical resonance effects limiting the pulse repetition rateof the laser system at which pulse-to-pulse dithering is possible or atleast certain bands of frequencies where operation is distorted orotherwise impacted, so that effectively the operation is limited to somemaximum laser output light pulse beam pulse repetition rate.

The current optical configuration of the LNM contains a three prism beamexpander 64, e.g., as shown in FIG. 1 or a four-prism beam expander 64,e.g., as shown in FIG. 2, a mirror (R_(MAX) 27) and a grating 22.According to aspects of an embodiment of the present inventionapplicants have added a high reflectance coating to a surface 122 of oneof the prisms 120.

As shown in FIG. 3, the light entering the prism 120 is reflected backinto the prism 120 where it is totally internally reflected by thehypotenuse face 124 of the prism 120. The light then exits through theother side surface of the prism 120. The net effect is to rotate thelaser light pulse beam 114 from the prism assembly 64 by 90°,eliminating the need for a mirror 27 to fold the beam 114. One or moreof the remaining prisms, e.g., 82-86 as shown in FIG. 3 may be adjustedto control desired center wavelength.

Turning now to FIGS. 4 and 5 there are shown top plan views ofsimultaneous coarse and fine adjustment of selected desired centerwavelength according to aspects of embodiments of line narrowing modules28 according to aspects of embodiments of the present invention in whicha tuning mirror, e.g., an R_(MAX) may be retained, but only, e.g.,perform a coarse or a fine adjustment of angle of incidence on, e.g., agrating 22, but not both. As shown in FIG. 4, the line narrowing module28 may include a prism beam expanding assembly 64, e.g., includingprisms 82-86, with the laser light pulse beam 114 passing through prisms82-86 and being directed onto the R_(MAX) 100 by prism 86 and thenpassing through prism 88 and being directed from there to the grating 22dispersive surface 24, according to aspects of an embodiment of thepresent invention, the R_(MAX) 100 may be used only for coarse angle ofincidence selection and one or more of the prisms 82-88 may be rotatedmore rapidly, e.g., about a rotational axis perpendicular to the planeof paper in the view illustrated in FIG. 4 for fine angle of incidenceselection. Such a prism, having much less mass than existing R_(MAX)tuning mirror 27 rotating assemblies 26 prospectively have, applicantsbelieve, much less susceptibility to the, e.g., mechanical resonanceproblems and also to time to settle to the desired position from a priorposition, thus significantly improving, e.g., current pulse-to-pulseangle of incidence selection capabilities at pulse repetition ratesabove about 2 kHz. In addition, the smallest, and thus most easilyrotated, prism 82 may be used to most rapidly change the resultantfinely tuned angle of incidence on the grating 22 just as prism 88 couldbe so employed. Further, in addition to the R_(MAX) use for coarseadjustment of the angle of incidence, more than one prism 82-88 in theprism assembly 64 may be used for various levels of fine tuning of theangle of incidence on the grating to overcome issues engendered, e.g.,by increasing repetition rate and/or mechanical resonances or the like.

To similar effect could be the embodiment, aspects of which are shown inFIG. 5, wherein the beam 114 passes through the four prism assembly 64prisms 82-88 and is then incident on the R_(MAX) 100 and from therereflected onto the grating 22 dispersive optical surface 24. Similararrangements for coarse and fine and multiple fine angle of incidenceadjustment may be divided between the R_(MAX) and prism assembly 64 asdiscussed in regard to FIG. 4.

Applicants propose employing the unused, and undamaged remaining lateralreal estate on the grating at end of life for a previously used portion,by translating the grating in the vertical direction within the LNMmodule housing, i.e., orthogonally to the longitudinal axis of thegrating to expose an unused portion of the grating to the laser beambeing line narrowed.

This may be done, e.g., by a mechanical micrometer or other manuallyoperated translation mechanism adapted to shift the grating in thelateral direction (horizontally as shown in the figure) sufficiently toremove the optically damaged real estate of the grating and place theincident laser beam being ling narrowed in a second undamaged strip ofthe grating surface. According to current dimensions mentioned above,this may actually be done twice during the life of a single grating.

The lateral translation of the position of the grating may also be donefor purposes of fine tuning the response of the grating in the linenarrowing process in producing the desired narrow bandwidth to meetspecifications. This can account for any manufacturing defects in, e.g.,some or all of the groves in a first region being used on the gratingsurface real estate as opposed to a second more finely tuned, andpresumably less distorted portion of the grating surface real estate,the selection of which can experimentally be done during, e.g., themanufacturing process as the LNM is assembled and fine tuned.

To reduce levels of free oxygen and other sources of oxygen, e.g.,CO_(x) in the Line Narrowing Modules of, e.g., an excimer of molecularfluorine laser (KrF, ArF, F₂) laser in ppm or partial pressure in thegas within the LNM applicants propose to place a photo-ionizable metal,that has a high affinity for oxygen, near the grating in a position tobe illuminated by stray laser light, e.g., light reflecting from thegrating but not along the optical path back to the beam expander prismsand thereafter to the lasing chamber. This photo-ionizable material,e.g., a suitable metal, when ionized by the DUV light reflecting fromthe grating, can serve to scavange oxygen from the LNM gas, e.g., bygettering the oxygen when so activated.

As the firing repetition rate of the laser is increased, so will therate of oxygen gettering. Since the LNP is purged, applicants believethat the oxygen concentration in it is fairly low and uniformdistribution within the cavity formed by the LNM housing. Applicantsalso propose to use an increased surface area, as opposed to simply aflat surface which at some point will cease to be activatable as agetterer, by using, e.g., wire screens, a rough spray coated surface, ora combination of the two, or use an abrasive blasted surface. By keepingoxygen levels low for longer times, this concept should inexpensivelyextend grating lifetimes.

The metal getter, even one without a roughened or otherwise extendedsurface area, could be made replaceable element for further enhancementof LNM lifetime. The concept is applicable to other optical elementsboth within the LNM or elsewhere in the laser system where stray DUVphotons can be utilized to activate a getterer.

Metals such as Al, Ti, Zr, Ta, W, and Hf are strong oxygen “getters”. Tiactually getters many materials and has been used in vacuum systems as aoxygen getter. Most of these metals require at least 6 eV forphoto-ionization. That suggests that photons with wavelengths of lessthan 200 nm may be needed to photo-ionize and activate these metals. Forthe case of Al (5.96 EeV), 193 NM light can activate it, while 248 nmlight may not. Gettering effectiveness vsersus temperature is to shownin FIG. 18.

Applicants further propose that the gettering unit 126 as shown in FIG.17, e.g., a rectangular solid, which may have smooth or roughenedsurfaces 125 as discussed above, or a screen and place the getteringunit 126 near the diffraction grating 22 where stray DUV lightreflecting from the grating out of the optical path of the beam 114 maybe gathered, e.g., on the surface 125. Gettering material may also beplaced in other places in the LNM 28, e.g., on the sheet metal forming,e.g., the top and bottom walls 127 of the LNM 28, or in other locationse.g., on surfaces used to block stray light from the beam 114 and or inthe path of channel gas flows. When illuminated, the metal will getteroxygen and grow an oxide scale until the surface 127 is saturated.Oxides like aluminum oxide are good diffusion barriers to oxygen sincethey are naturally compressive. However, oxides like TiO2, HfO2, Ta2O5,and ZrO2 are full of defects, tensile (in some cases), and have oxidelayers that do not effectively block oxygen diffusion. By using one ofthese metals, applicants propose to create a longer lasting oxygengetterer that does not saturate as quickly.

Ionization potentials of selected metals are as follows: Al=5.98 eV,Ti=6.82 eV, Ta=7.54 eV, Hf=6.82 eV, Zr=6.63 eV.

Another process that applicants propose is the deposit a suitable metal,e.g., Ti under the Al to coat the grating epoxy. That way dissolvedoxygen in the Al would be gettered away (reacted), further, the heatingof the aluminum layer of the grating due to DUV absorption can stimulatethe amount of gettering accomplished. Also the gettering mechanism 126may be electrically or RF heated to stimulate the gettering activity.

In addition this technique can be used to clean up the vacuum depositionchamber insides prior to grating Al deposition, thus improving gratingquality and lifetime by, e.g., reducing the oxygen impurities in thegrating aluminum.

Turning now to FIG. 6 there is shown partially schematically a top planvies of an optical element, e.g., a rotating prism mounting plate 130.The rotating optical element, e.g., a prism, mounting plate 130 may havea plate mounting screw hole 132, through which screws (not shown) may bethreaded to mount the mounting plate 130 to, e.g., a prism plate 80(shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 15 and 16). The rotating mounting plate 130 mayhave a rotating mount assembly 134, which may include a prism mountingplate 140 and a plurality of prism mounting screw holes 142, througheach of which a screw (not shown) may be threaded to attach an opticalelement, e.g., a prism, e.g., 88 or 82 as shown in FIGS. 15 and 16. Therotating mount assembly 134 may be attached to the mounting plate 140 bya plurality of arms 144 fitted within a respective arm slot 146 in themounting body 130, one or more of which may comprise an actuatablematerial that changes size or shape when stimulated by, e.g., a acousticsound field, and electric field or a magnetic field or combination ofany of these, e.g., a piezoelectric material stimulated by an appliedvoltage.

The rotating mount assembly 134 may include a slot 150, e.g., a V-slot150 as shown in FIG. 6 which serves to provide a pivot point for therotation of the platform 130.

The rotating mounting plate 130 may comprise a Nano-Theta provided byMad City Labs Inc. of Madison, Wis., which is a piezoelectric actuatedrotation stage with a well defined and accessible axis of rotation.Threaded screws holes 142 on the rotation stage 134 allow, e.g., a sidesurface of a prism, e.g., 82-88 to be mounted so that the axis ofrotation is, e.g., at one end of a prism beam entrance or exit surface,e.g., a hypotenuse surface, e.g., 124′ or a side surface 122′ as shownin FIGS. 15 and 16, or generally at the center of rotation 127 of aprism, e.g., prism 88 as shown in FIGS. 15 and 16. The Nano-Theta iscapable of sub-microradian resolution in rotational position at whichthe, e.g., prism is to be moved, for accurate laser beam 114 steering. Apiezoresistive sensor (not shown) may be included for absolutemeasurement and sub-microradian accuracy. The Nano-Thata has a 2.0 mradrange of motion, a 0.02 μrad resolution, is mountable in a variety ofpossible orientations, has an integrated position sensor(s) for closedloop control and can be custom designed, e.g., with a different size orshape, as may be required for mounting the rotational actuator 130′shown in FIG. 16. The version for FIG. 16 may have the arms 144, e.g.,on the left hand side of FIG. 6 moved to not be in alignment with thearms 144 on the right hand side of FIG. 6, in order to make the body 130thinner in the horizontal direction as that direction id shown in theorientation of the body 130 in FIG. 6. The left hand side arms 144 inthe embodiment illustrated in FIG. 16 may extend from the upper andlower horizontal stretches of the opening in which the mount 140 iscontained for rotational movement, with, e.g., the upper arm 144extending vertically as that dimension is illustrated in the drawing ofFIG. 6 and the lower left hand side arm 144 may extend at an angle, butnot parallel to the upper right hand side arm 144. In this fashion thebody 130 may be thinner in the horizontal dimension while retaining mostof the flexured mounting of essentially the four corners of the mount140 to the body 130 to both allow for rotary movement of the mount 140and act as a restorative spring bias against the motion of the mount 140imparted by a high frequency drive unit (not shown). The arms 144 ineither embodiment may be formed of very thin slots 146 cut, e.g., withan e-beam to form flexured attachment of the mount 140 to the body 130.In a dither mode, e.g., the drive unit (not shown) may use, e.g., apiezoelectric driver operating against a lever arm attached to the mount140 contained within the body 130, such that high frequency (pulserepetition rate) voltage applied to the piezoelectric driver pushes onthe lever arm (not shown) to rotate the mount 140 a selected amountdetermined, e.g., by the amplitude of the applied voltage pulse and thearms 144 may then return the mount 140 (and the attached tuningmechanism, e.g., a prism 88) to a home position. In another form ofoperation, the voltage may be controlled, e.g., on a laser light pulseto pulse basis with a variable applied voltage amplitude for centerwavelength adjustment as discussed above.

Turning now to FIGS. 7 and 8 there is shown perspective front and sideviews, respectively, of a rotatable grating assembly 148 according toaspects of an embodiment of the present invention. The rotatable gratingassembly 148 may comprise a grating 22, which may be mounted on agrating base plate 162, which may in turn be mounted on a gratingmounting plate 160, as described in more detail below with respect toFIGS. 9-12. A pair of spring mounting assemblies 166, comprising a pairof band springs 152, front and back, may be connected to a respectiveband spring mounting plate 158, each respectively connected to the frontand rear of, e.g., the grating base plate 162. The other end of eachrespective band spring 152 may be connected to a respective band springstanchion 156, connected respectively to the housing 62 of the LNM 28,e.g., the floor of the housing 64. The band springs 152 may be connectedto the respective mounting plate 158 and stanchion 156 by any suitablemeans, e.g., by welding or by screws, including a combination of wedgingand/or screw connection to a receiving slot (not shown) on therespective plate 158 or stanchion 156. The band springs may serve tobias the grating into a position, e.g., a nominal position in whichcurrently existing non-rotatable gratings 22 are positioned, e.g., withrespect to the incident laser light pulse beam pulses 114.

The grating 22 along with the mounting plate 160 and the grating baseplate 162 may be rotated against the biasing of the band springs 152 andabout a pivot point as defined in more detail below, e.g., defining arotational axis for the rotatable grating 22. An adjustment screw 164(shown in FIGS. 7-9) may serve to fine tune the alignment of the grating22 dispersive surface 27 to the incident beam 114, e.g., leaving a sideface 122′ of a beam expander prism, e.g., prism 88 in a directiongenerally orthogonal to the longitudinal extension of the grating 22dispersive surface 27.

A stepper motor 170 may serve to coarsely position the grating 22 aboutthe pivot axis at the fulcrum by, e.g., operating to move a steppermotor shaft 172, e.g., in a horizontal direction as that direction isillustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8. The stepper motor shaft 172 may be locatedto move one end of a lever arm 176, surrounded by a bellows 174, shownschematically in FIGS. 7 and 8, which can allow the lever arm 176 topass through the LNM enclosure, e.g., through the LNM 28 floor, wherethe stepper motor 170 is positioned externally to the LNM 28. The oneend of the lever arm 176 moves in the same illustrated horizontaldirection which in turn drives the other end of the lever arm 176,pivoting about a fulcrum point 189 on a protrusion extending from thegrating base plate 162. This then exerts a force on a pivot stanchion178 mounted on the grating mounting plate 160 by a stanchion base plate190 by mounting screws 192, and so moves the base plate 162 in theopposite direction with respect to the mounting plate 160 to rotate thegrating 22 along with the base plate 162 about the pivot point for therotation of the grating. This operation is against the positional biasoffered by the band spring assemblies 166. The

The other end of the lever arm 176 may be pivotally attached to thestanchion 178 by a attaching the lever arm to a stanchion head 194 ofthe stanchion 178 with a pivot pin 200 passing through a lever arm pivotassembly 202 on the stanchion head 194.

Turning now to FIGS. 9 and 10A-C there is shown a cartwheel flexuremounting 210 connecting the grating mounting plate 160 to the gratingbase plate 162 at the pivot point 168 end of the grating 22, andallowing rotation of the grating 22 and the base plate 162 together withrespect to the grating mounting plate 160, and also serving to reinforcethe biasing of the band spring assemblies 166. The cartwheel flexuremount 210 may comprise a first cross arm 212 and a second cross arm 214,which together are relatively stiff in the longitudinal axis of theflexure mount 210, aligned generally with the longitudinal axis of thegrating 22, and relatively flexible to rotation of the grating baseplate with respect to the grating mounting plate 160 about the pivotpoint, which is generally at the intersection of the first and secondcross arms 212, 214. A mounting arc 220 stiffens the cartwheel flexuremount 210 in the lateral direction and also serves to connect thecartwheel flexure mount 210 to the grating base plate 162, by screws 222threaded through screw holes 230 and into the grating base plate 162.The grating mounting plate 160 and grating base plate 162 along with thescrews 222 are preferably made of the same material or materials havingvery similar coefficients of thermal expansion, e.g., Invar or Al.

A shelf 216 on the grating mounting plate 160 facing the housing 64 ofthe LNM 28 serves as a contact point for the positioningscrew/micrometer 164 and contains an opening for a hold down spring 168,and also can be used, e.g., to position the mounting plate 160 properlywith respect to the floor of the LNM 28 housing 62.

The grating itself may be attached to the grating base plate 162 by aplurality of front flexure mounts, e.g., including a plurality of frontlongitudinal (horizontal) flexure mounts 240, 240′ each having a frontlongitudinal flexure mounting pad 242, 242′, as shown in FIGS. 11A andB. The plurality of front bi-directional flexure mounts 250 each havinga front bi-directional flexure mounting pad 252 also serve to connectthe grating 22 to the grating base plate 162. In addition the grating 22may be connected to the grating base plate 162 by a plurality of rearflexure mountings, including, e.g., rear bi-directional flexuremountings 260 having mounting pads 262 and a rear lateral (vertical)flexure mount 264 having a mounting pad 266, together these mountingpoints distribute the potential stresses of mounting points between thegrating 22 and the base plate 162 and provide for the front portion ofthe grating 22/base plate 162 mounting (at the grating 22 dispersiveoptical surface 24 side) relatively more amenable to movement betweenthe grating 22 and the base plate 162 along the longitudinal axisespecially at the ends to which the end plated 30, 32 are connected, andthe rear side relatively more amenable to movement of the one withrespect to the other in the transverse direction.

FIG. 14 shows in more detail the front forward longitudinal flexuremount 240′ and exemplary displacement magnitudes, e.g., for the flexurearms 244′ within the respective opening 246′ in the base plate 162forming the flexure mounting pad 242′ and flexure arms 244′.

FIG. 12 shows zones of respective displacement magnitude 300-318 for arepresentative grating base plate 162.

FIG. 13 shows the output of a gas discharge laser system oscillatorcavity as a function of time.

Turning now to FIGS. 15 and 16, there is shown partly schematically aperspective view of a prism mounting plate 80 for an LNM 28 enablingrotation of at least one prism (FIG. 15) and at least two prisms (FIG.16) for, e.g., coarse and fine control of the center wavelength of alaser system as discussed above. The prism plate shown in FIG. 15 maycomprise four prisms 82-88 in a beam expansion path 114 from prism 82through prism 88, each prism 82-88 being mounted on a respective prismmounting plate 270, 272, 274 and 130, with the laser mounting plate 130being a rotational actuation mounting plate 130 as described above withrespect to FIG. 6.

In FIG. 16 there is an additional rotational mounting plate 130′, e.g.,connected to prism 82, which may be mounted as shown in FIG. 16partially to the prism plate 80 and partly to surrounding structures,e.g., the floor of the LNM 28 housing 62 and/or the side wall of thehousing 62 and/or an adjacent module or interface module to the LNM 28where the beam 114 enters the LNM 28.

The base plate 80 may be adjustably (in the grating longitudinaldirection) to the LNM 28 floor of the housing 62 by screws of bolts (notshown) attached through the elongated parallel openings 282.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that according toaspects of embodiments of the present invention the overall efficiencyof the laser system over prior art laser systems is improved in manyways. The elimination of a tuning mechanism involving the use of atuning mirror, e.g., an R_(MAX) as employed in laser systems sold byapplicants' assignee Cymer, Inc., e.g., in models 7XXX and XLA-XXX lasersystems. This has several beneficial efficiency improvement effects,e.g., shortening the length of the laser resonance cavity wherein theline narrowing module is utilized to perform intra-cavity linenarrowing, and removing the loss of efficiency due to the R_(MAX) sodubbed for being “maximally” reflective at the nominal centerwavelength, though actually only being about 90% so reflective and beingin the optical path of the line narrowing module twice, on ingress andegress of the beam being line narrowed. In addition the beam expander isin the optical path for a purpose better utilization of the grating withan expanded beam that is also less divergent than the unexpanded beamproduced in the lasing chamber between the lasing electrodes in the gaslasing medium and its utilization also to select the center wavelengthimproves on efficiency, i.e., no added optical elements are needed.

The center wavelength selection is also improved since removing theextra optical element(s) used for center wavelength tuning removes theadverse effect of the optical element on the uniformity of the wavefrontthat reaches the grating, e.g., due to non-uniformities in the surfaceof the R_(MAX) due to either manufacturing non-uniformities and/orenvironmentally induced distortions, e.g., thermally inducednon-uniformities.

Currently gratings used in line narrowing modules are illuminated in alongitudinal axis of the grating covering essentially all of thelongitudinal length of the grating, in order, e.g., to maximize thebandwidth selection done by the grating. At the same time, however, thegrating is typically not being utilized in the transverse or lateraldirection of the grating across the full width of the grating. The laserbeam width on the grating (or at least the damage footprint at end oflife) in a typical line narrowing module, e.g., in applicants'assignee's 7XXX and/or XLA-XXX laser systems is only about 1 cm wide,while the grating is over three times as wide, e.g., about 3.5 cm.Gratings for several reasons, e.g., ease of manufacture, thermal massstability, reaction to thermal gradient distortions, etc. are madeseveral times wider than the actual real estate needed to receive andreflect the laser beam in the line narrowing process.

It will be understood that according to aspects of embodiments of thepresent invention an elongated grating 22 LNM 28 may be implemented,which is among other things without a tuning mechanism, i.e., R_(MAX),thereby saving space, e.g., by controlling bandwidth in feedback closedloop control, e.g., with a coarse control using one optical element,e.g., the grating itself or a beam expansion prism and finely with abeam expansion prism, thereby saving both space but also bulk that mustbe moved for bandwidth fine control at very high pulse repetition rates.Larger magnification may also be accommodated without having to alsoprovide a suitably larger reflective surface on the existing R_(MAX).

In one possible arrangement, e.g., a four prism LNM 28 three may befixed, e.g., with the first two in the optical path being ½ inch prismsand the third a 32 mm prism giving a relatively higher magnificationfactor than existing four prism LNM's 28. Utilizing the first twosmaller prisms and third higher magnification prism for the highermagnification factor, with or without the absence of an RMAX makes thebeam expansion assembly more compact. Also using a higher angle (e.g.,74.4°) of incidence can enable getting increases in magnification. Thefourth prism can be, e.g., a 70 mm and mounted on a rotating stage thatis PZT actuated, including a flexure mounting, also accommodatingfrictionless rotation. With the built in sensor in the flexure mountingstage there can be closed loop, i.e., within the mount to linearize therotational stage, unlike existing open loop systems. Utilizing linearfeedback also allows for the feedback to be accomplished without opticalfeedback from, e.g., a laser beam metrology module, e.g. the LAM'scurrently used in applicants' assignee's laser systems. Linearizationcan provide a position error, e.g., from a lookup table that providepositional information about the position of the prism, which may bechanged as necessary for changes over prism life and with gastemperature or the like. Up to, e.g., about a 360 mm long grating can beaccommodated, especially with the use of the flexures as discussed aboveand the tilt adjuster to align the beam to the grating. The added numberof glue spots on the plurality of flexure mounting pads can accommodatea rating weight which may be up to about twice as heavy (or more) ascurrently used shorter gratings and also eliminating glue spots not onflexure pads is helpful. The three single axis flexure mounts discussedabove restrain the grating in one respective direction (longitudinal ortransverse) to keep the grating restrained from wobble and the othersflex in two axes.

1. An apparatus comprising: a grating receiving light; a first prismmoveable to coarsely select an angle of incidence of the light on thegrating; and a second prism moveable to finely select an angle ofincidence of the light on the grating.